Venous valves play a crucial role in blood circulation, promoting the one-way movement of
blood from superficial and deep veins towards the heart. By preventing retrograde flow,
venous valves spare capillaries and venules from being subjected to damaging elevations
in pressure, especially during skeletal muscle contraction. Pathologically, valvular
incompetence or absence of valves are common features of venous disorders such as
chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. The underlying causes of these conditions …